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ProgrammingBeginner

Python — From Basics to Advanced

25 Chapters100 Lessons

A complete Python course taking you from beginner to advanced. You'll go from "Hello, World!" through variables, loops, collections, functions, and OOP, then on to generators, asyncio, testing with pytest and dataclasses, advanced typing (Generic, Protocol, TypedDict), design patterns, profiling (cProfile, memory_profiler, dis), multiprocessing and the GIL, and publishing packages to PyPI. Each lesson ends with 4 review questions.

Chapters

MODULE 01

First Steps

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You'll learn about your first program, variables, data types, and how to interact with the user.

  1. 1.1Hello, World! and the print Function
  2. 1.2Variables and Names
  3. 1.3Data Types: int, float, str, bool
  4. 1.4User Input: input()
MODULE 02

Flow Control

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Conditional statements and loops — the building blocks of program logic.

  1. 2.1The if / elif / else Statement
  2. 2.2The for Loop
  3. 2.3The while Loop
  4. 2.4break, continue and Logical Operators
MODULE 03

Data Collections

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Lists, dictionaries, tuples, and sets — the data structures you use to store your data.

  1. 3.1Lists
  2. 3.2Dictionaries (dict)
  3. 3.3Tuples and Sets
  4. 3.4List Comprehensions
MODULE 04

Functions and Modules

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Functions let you reuse code across your programs. Modules organize code into files and packages.

  1. 4.1Defining Functions
  2. 4.2Arguments: default, keyword, *args, **kwargs
  3. 4.3Scope: Local and Global Variables
  4. 4.4Modules and Import
MODULE 05

Objects, Errors, Files

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Classes and objects, exception handling, and file operations — an introduction to intermediate Python.

  1. 5.1Classes and Objects
  2. 5.2Inheritance
  3. 5.3Exceptions: try / except
  4. 5.4Working with Files
MODULE 06

Advanced Functions

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Lambdas, closures, decorators, and type hints — the tools that separate a beginner from an intermediate Python developer.

  1. 6.1Lambdas — Anonymous Functions
  2. 6.2Closure — Functions That Remember Context
  3. 6.3Decorators
  4. 6.4Type Hints — Type Annotations
MODULE 07

OOP — Object-Oriented Programming

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Classes, instances, inheritance, polymorphism — the foundation of large Python programs.

  1. 7.1Dataclasses and Object Factories
  2. 7.2Property and Encapsulation
  3. 7.3Special Methods (Dunder)
  4. 7.4Polymorphism and Abstract Classes
MODULE 08

Exceptions — Advanced

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`try`/`except`/`else`/`finally`, `raise`, custom exceptions, context managers — writing programs that don't crash and burn.

  1. 8.1Exception Hierarchy and Multiple except Clauses
  2. 8.2raise from and Exception Chaining
  3. 8.3Custom Exception Hierarchies and ExceptionGroup
  4. 8.4Context Managers — with and contextlib
MODULE 09

Files and I/O

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Reading and writing text files, JSON, and CSV, plus using the modern `pathlib` module instead of `os.path`.

  1. 9.1Reading and Writing Text Files
  2. 9.2JSON
  3. 9.3CSV
  4. 9.4pathlib — modern path handling
MODULE 10

Standard Library

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`datetime`, `collections`, `itertools`, `functools` — stdlib tools that save you from writing everything from scratch.

  1. 10.1datetime — Dates and Time
  2. 10.2collections — Counter, defaultdict, deque
  3. 10.3itertools — Lazy Iterations
  4. 10.4functools — cache, reduce, partial
MODULE 11

Generators and Iterators

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`yield`, generator expressions, the iterator protocol — lazy evaluation and infinite sequences without the memory overhead.

  1. 11.1yield and Generator Functions
  2. 11.2Generator expressions
  3. 11.3Iterators and the Iteration Protocol
  4. 11.4yield from and Delegation
MODULE 12

Asyncio and Concurrent Programming

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async/await, coroutines, gather, asyncio.run — concurrent I/O operations without threads.

  1. 12.1async and await — Introduction
  2. 12.2asyncio.run and the Event Loop
  3. 12.3asyncio.gather — running tasks in parallel
  4. 12.4Tasks, Cancellation, and Timeouts
MODULE 13

Testing with pytest

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Test functions, assertions, fixtures, parametrize, mocking — pytest as the standard testing tool in the Python ecosystem.

  1. 13.1First Tests
  2. 13.2Fixtures
  3. 13.3Parametrize and Mocking
  4. 13.4Coverage and organisation
MODULE 14

Dataclasses and Enums

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`@dataclass` and `Enum` — modern ways to structure data without boilerplate.

  1. 14.1@dataclass — Classes Without Boilerplate
  2. 14.2Choosing: dataclass vs namedtuple vs pydantic vs plain class
  3. 14.3Enum, IntEnum, StrEnum, Flag — Enumerations
  4. 14.4field() and Special Dataclass Fields
MODULE 15

Developer Tools

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venv, pip, requirements.txt, mypy, ruff, black, and project structure — the modern Python ecosystem.

  1. 15.1venv — Virtual Environments
  2. 15.2pip and requirements.txt
  3. 15.3mypy — Static Typing
  4. 15.4ruff + black — Linter and Formatter
MODULE 16

Advanced Typing

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Generics, Protocol, TypedDict, Literal — advanced Python typing for mature codebases with mypy/pyright.

  1. 16.1Generic — Parametric Types
  2. 16.2Protocol — Duck Typing with Types
  3. 16.3TypedDict — Typed Dictionaries
  4. 16.4Literal, Final, Annotated
MODULE 17

Design Patterns in Python

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Classic GoF patterns implemented in Python — often simpler than their Java/C++ equivalents, thanks to the language's dynamic capabilities.

  1. 17.1Singleton, Borg, and module as singleton
  2. 17.2Factory Method, Abstract Factory, Builder, Registry
  3. 17.3Observer, Pub/Sub, signals, asyncio queues
  4. 17.4Strategy, Command, Template Method, Iterator
MODULE 18

Performance and Profiling

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Measuring and optimizing code — timeit, cProfile, memory_profiler, dis. Measure first, then optimize.

  1. 18.1timeit — Microbenchmarks
  2. 18.2cProfile, pstats and Sampling: py-spy, line_profiler
  3. 18.3memory_profiler and tracemalloc
  4. 18.4dis and CPython bytecode
MODULE 19

Concurrency II — Threads, Processes, GIL

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Threading, multiprocessing, concurrent.futures, and the GIL. Learn when to use each approach — async vs threads vs processes.

  1. 19.1GIL — What It Is and Why It Matters
  2. 19.2threading — Threads and Synchronization
  3. 19.3multiprocessing — True Parallelism
  4. 19.4concurrent.futures — Abstraction Over Threads and Processes
MODULE 20

Packaging and Distribution

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Learn how to create and distribute Python packages using `pyproject.toml`, `build`, `twine`, and `wheel`. Find out how to publish your library to PyPI.

  1. 20.1pyproject.toml — modern configuration
  2. 20.2build and wheel — creating a package
  3. 20.3twine — publishing to PyPI
  4. 20.4CI/CD and release automation
MODULE 21

NumPy — the foundation of numerical computing

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`ndarray`, broadcasting, indexing, ufuncs — NumPy is the foundation of Python's entire AI/ML stack. C-level performance with vectorized operations.

  1. 21.1ndarray — the N-dimensional array
  2. 21.2Broadcasting — Operations Between Different Shapes
  3. 21.3Indexing and Slicing — Fancy, Boolean, Mixed
  4. 21.4ufuncs and Vector Operations
MODULE 22

Pandas — Tabular Data Analysis

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DataFrame, Series, groupby, merge, time series. Pandas is the standard tool for ETL and data exploration in Python.

  1. 22.1DataFrame and Series — the basics
  2. 22.2Filtering, sorting, missing data
  3. 22.3GroupBy and aggregations
  4. 22.4Merge, join, concat — combining tables
MODULE 23

Matplotlib and Seaborn — Data Visualization

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Figure/Axes, subplots, customization, and the Seaborn high-level API. Visualization is key to exploring data and communicating model results.

  1. 23.1Figure, Axes and the matplotlib architecture
  2. 23.2Chart types — when to use line, bar, scatter, hist, box, heatmap
  3. 23.3Seaborn — high-level statistical plots
  4. 23.4Customization and Export
MODULE 24

scikit-learn — Classical ML

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Learn scikit-learn's fit/predict API, Pipeline, train/test split, metrics, and cross-validation. sklearn is the de facto standard for classical ML in Python.

  1. 24.1Estimator API — fit, predict, transform
  2. 24.2Train/test split and cross-validation
  3. 24.3Pipeline — preprocessing and model in one object
  4. 24.4Metrics and hyperparameter tuning
MODULE 25

PyTorch — Tensors, Autograd, and a Simple MLP

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Tensor API, autograd, device management (CPU/CUDA/MPS), nn.Module, and the training loop. PyTorch is the standard framework for deep learning research and is increasingly used in production.

  1. 25.1Tensor — NumPy + GPU + autograd
  2. 25.2Autograd — Automatic Differentiation
  3. 25.3nn.Module — Defining a Model
  4. 25.4Training loop — fit, optimizer, loss